CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES
A Statement Affirming the Central Role of Scientific Principles
in the Teaching of Evolutionary Biology
Evolutionary biology, like every other natural science, is a powerful
expression of human curiosity and intellect. With techniques for reconstructing
the history of life on Earth, Homo sapiens has become uniquely capable
of knowing about its own past as well as that of other organisms on this
planet. Discoveries in phylogenetics, paleontology, genetics, and developmental
and molecular biology give us the capacity to test our theories and to
develop new ones, using a vast store of empirical data and increasingly
sophisticated methods. Continued opportunity to perform such tests has
resulted in further support for descent with modification, justifying the
fundamental role that evolution plays in our understanding of humanity's
place in nature. It provides a rational basis for dealing with such problems
as preserving the quality of our environment, and enhancing the quality
of our lives.
Now, more than ever, is a time when intellectual standards need to be
upheld. For example, it is crucial that we clearly distinguish between
such legitimate natural sciences as astronomy and such pseudosciences as
astrology. There is a fundamental difference between testing hypotheses
so as to reject some in favor of alternatives, and rationalization in terms
of a dogmatic belief system.
The natural sciences have a long history of weeding out notions inherited
from pre-scientific culture, often in the face of determined resistance.
Repeatedly, old arguments, long since refuted, have been refurbished and
presented to new audiences that are ill-equipped to evaluate them. Lately,
creationist pseudoscience has been attempting to insinuate itself into
the curriculum under the rubric of "intelligent design." Prior
to the fundamental contribution of Darwin in 1859, there seemed to be no
way to explain the remarkable adaptations of organisms except in terms
of a miracle. With the discovery and recognition of natural selection,
this argument was shown to depend upon a pre-Darwinian failure of the human
imagination to find testable, scientific explanations for the origin and
diversity of life. The appropriate place in the science curriculum for
the notion that organisms have been designed is the same as that for the
notion that the earth is located at the center of the universe.
Science and religion are concerned with different aspects of human life
and are evaluated according to fundamentally different criteria. Failing
to make this distinction gives the false impression that we are limited
to two alternatives when faced with an apparent contradiction.
Insofar as belief in special creation is a part of many religions, it
needs to be understood in the context of the comparative and historical
study of culture. Religion has played and continues to play an important
role in human life, and our citizens need to be well informed about it.
In recognizing the rich cultural diversity of beliefs and practices both
past and present, schools should teach about all religions, provided that
this is done in a fair and objective manner, without proselytizing. All
this can be accomplished without compromising the central role that scientific
principles must take in the teaching of evolutionary biology.
Adopted unanimously by Curator's Forum, November 16, 1994
Passed by Science Council, November 30, 1994